Optimal coordination of electric buses and battery storage for achieving a 24/7 carbon-free electrified fleet

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

2025

Subject Area

place - north america, mode - bus, technology - alternative fuels, technology - emissions, infrastructure - vehicle, infrastructure - fleet management, operations - coordination

Keywords

decarbonization, electric buses, digital twin, charging scheduling, battery storage, optimal planning

Abstract

Electrifying a commercial fleet while concurrently adopting distributed energy resources can significantly reduce the cost and carbon footprint of its operation. However, coordinating fleet operations with distributed resources requires an intelligent system to determine joint dispatch. In this paper, we propose a 24/7 Carbon-Free Electrified Fleet digital twin framework for the coordination of an electric bus fleet, co-located photovoltaic solar arrays, and a battery energy storage system. The framework optimizes electric bus and battery storage operations to minimize costs and emissions with the consideration of on-site solar generation, hourly marginal grid emissions factors, and predictions of bus energy consumption through a surrogate model. We evaluate the framework in a case study of Stanford University’s Marguerite Shuttle electric bus fleet for both a campus depot, whereby non-controllable loads are coupled behind-the-meter, and a stand-alone depot. In a techno-economic analysis, we find that joint optimization of a campus depot’s battery storage and bus operations saves at least $1.79M USD in electricity costs over a 10-year horizon while also reducing 98% of carbon emissions associated with the depot. For a stand-alone depot, sensitivity analyses show that 100% elimination of depot emissions is achievable without any trade-off with bill savings, whereas for depots with reduced on-site solar capacity, using an emissions-aware optimization model can reduce the depot’s carbon footprint by an additional 17% at a carbon abatement cost of $66 USD/tCO compared to a model that only minimizes electricity costs. Furthermore, optimized bus and battery operations have even greater impact in reducing electricity costs under new net billing tariff policies (“net energy metering (NEM) 3.0”) compared to previous NEM 2.0 policies. As adoption of electric buses continues to grow, fleet operators may leverage our flexible framework to ensure smart, low-cost, and low-emissions fleet operations.

Rights

Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Elsevier, copyright remains with them.

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Applied Energy Home Page:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03062619

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