A general coupled morning–evening traffic equilibrium model with rideshare, ride-hailing, and public transit services
Document Type
Journal Article
Publication Date
2026
Subject Area
place - north america, ridership - commuting, ridership - mode choice, ridership - modelling
Keywords
Coupled morning–evening traffic equilibrium, variational inequality, flexible rideshare, ride-hailing, public transit
Abstract
We develop a general equilibrium model to capture the complex interactions between different modes, such as solo driving, public transit, as well as rideshare and ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft, under a joint morning and evening commute framework. Formulated as a variational inequality (VI) and equivalently as a mixed complementarity problem (MiCP), the model allows (a) travelers to switch between different transportation modes and (b) passengers from different Origin-Destination (OD) pairs to share a ride together. The computational results on the Sioux-Falls network show that our model captures the possible mode switches and the coupling effects between morning and evening commutes. Furthermore, our numerical examples demonstrate that modelling morning and evening commutes separately tends to overestimate the travelers' disutility and the average Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in the network.
Rights
Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Taylor&Francis, copyright remains with them.
Recommended Citation
Gu, W., Zhang, M., Dessouky, M., & Pang, J. S. (2026). A general coupled morning–evening traffic equilibrium model with rideshare, ride-hailing, and public transit services. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 22(1), 2357160.
